explain different types of memory (global, stack, heap) and their trade-offs, different performance characteristics

Characteristics:
- Allocated and initialized when the program is loaded.
- Lives for the entire duration of the program.
- Suitable for global variables and static member variables.
Performance:
- Very cheap in terms of allocation and deallocation.
- Limited to specific patterns due to its fixed lifetime.

Characteristics:
- Used for local variables within functions.
- Memory is allocated and deallocated in a last-in, first-out manner.
- Scoped to the function call, meaning it is automatically freed when the function exits.
Performance:
- Extremely cheap and fast to allocate and deallocate.
- Limited to patterns where the memory usage is scoped to function calls.

Characteristics:
- Used for dynamic memory allocation.
- Memory can be allocated and deallocated at arbitrary times.
- Suitable for objects that need to live beyond the scope of a single function call.
Performance:
- More expensive to allocate and deallocate compared to global and stack memory.
- Flexible but can lead to memory fragmentation and requires manual management or garbage collection.

Global Memory:
- Pros: Minimal overhead, simple to use for static data.
- Cons: Not flexible, can lead to higher memory usage if not managed properly.
Stack Memory:
- Pros: Very fast allocation and deallocation, automatic memory management.
- Cons: Limited to function scope, not suitable for data that needs to persist beyond function calls.
Heap Memory:
- Pros: Highly flexible, suitable for dynamic and long-lived data.
- Cons: Higher overhead for allocation and deallocation, potential for memory leaks and fragmentation.

For more detailed information, you can refer to the sessions from WWDC: